Fiscal consolidation confronts federal states with a collective action problem, especially in federations with a tightly coupled fiscal regime such as Belgium. However, the Belgian federation has successfully solved this collective action problem even though it lacks the political institutions that the literature on dynamic federalism has identified as the main mechanisms through which federal states achieve cooperation across levels of government. This article argues that the regionalization of the party system, on the one hand, and the rationalization of the deficit problem by the High Council of Finance, on the other, are crucial to understand how Belgium was able to solve the collective action problem despite its tightly coupled fiscal regime and particularly high levels of deficits and debts. The article thus emphasizes the importance of compromise and consensus in reducing deficits and debts in federal states.

A large number of people, institutions, journals and approaches have contributed to the history of (local) administrative sciences in the Netherlands. Initially (around 1914) the legal approach was dominant; from 1964 onwards, political science would become the dominant approach; and from 1990 onwards, Public Administration would increasingly profile itself as an independent discipline. This essay concentrates on the influence on this development of sociology and its, typically Dutch, predecessor sociography. The starting point here is the promotion tree of the founder of the Dutch sociology Sebald Steinmetz. Through him various lines (via his doctorates Nicolaas ter Veen and Jakob Kruijt) go to modern Public Administration. This essay tells the story of the influence of sociography and sociology on the development of the administrative sciences and modern Public Administration in six acts, in which two persons from the promotion tree are discussed (via Sjoerd Groenman, who is promoted by Nicolaas ter Veen there are two different lines again). The line via Jakob Kruijt contains Aris van Braam (he wrote in 1957 what is considered the first Dutch empirical study in Public Administration) and Jos Raadschelders. The first line via Sjoerd Groenman contains Henk Brasz (the first full-time professor in Public Administration in the Netherlands), Fred Fleurke and Ko de Ridder. The second line via Sjoerd Groenman contains Joop Ellemers, Geert Braam (professor at the first regular Dutch Public Administration programme in Twente) and Wim Derksen. These acts are framed with short intermezzos about the other sociological key figures who played an important role in the story of sociography, sociology and Public Administration. In conclusion, the author of this essay discusses the continuing relevance of sociology for modern Public Administration.

Reflection and debate initiates academically inspired discussions on issues that are on the current policy agenda.

In this feature authors discuss recent research findings that are of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.

This article analyses the Dialogue Table (‘Dialoogtafel’ in Dutch) in Groningen, the most northern province in the Netherlands, as an example of connecting vertical and horizontal steering. The Dialogue Table was set up to supervise the spending of compensation money for the damage from the earthquakes caused by gas extraction in this province. The Dialogue Table combines vertical forms of governance, such as a unilateral imposition of the budget and the presidency of the Dialogue Table, and more horizontal forms such as equal deliberation between administrative bodies and stakeholders. The central questions are which tensions will occur in these two different logics of steering, how one deals with these tensions and which competences this requires from civil servants. An exploratory analysis of the case shows that tensions occur around (1) the starting conditions (costs, presidency, selection and representation), (2) the progress of the process (desired results, openness, inequality) and (3) the outcomes of the process (influence). On the basis of their research, the authors offer recommendations about the organization of such hybrid steering processes and indicate which competences are required in this respect from civil servants.

Deze terreinverkenning op basis van literatuuronderzoek handelt over een internationaal actueel, maar nationaal onderbelicht thema dat hier wordt aangeduid als ‘intersectorale governance voor gezondheid’. De verkenning is geschreven voor de landelijke beleidspraktijk, vanuit het perspectief van nationale beleidsambtenaren als potentiële dragers van intersectorale governance. In het licht van de bestuurlijke kernopdracht voor de komende jaren, werken aan een goede gezondheid, wordt aandacht besteed aan het belang van integrale beleidsvoering op centraal niveau en de hardnekkigheid waarmee het actief inzetten ervan uitblijft. Een focus op beleidsambtenaren als dragers van intersectorale governance biedt interessante mogelijkheden om uit die impasse te komen. Zeker als zij daarbij adequaat worden ondersteund door relevant onderzoek.

Since Pim Fortuyn, discontent has become a central issue in public and political debates in the Netherlands. The government tries to ban out all risks and polarisation between citizens, because it fears this will have a destabilising impact on society. However, these measures do not seem to decrease discontent. In this article, we analyse why discontent so persistently keeps dominating debates. We argue that it is prominently and continuously expressed due to the position of opinion polls and the interaction between politicians, journalists and citizens and due to the platform that social media offer. But meanwhile, means to convert discontent into constructive, collective action are diminishing. As a result we continuously gather superficial information about people’s discontent. In order not to hinder constructive debates with this kind of information, as happens in current political discussions, different and more detailed information about the public opinion is needed. Politicians and researchers should make a more clear distinction between discontent itself and the incapacity of citizens to deal with it. Moreover, a revitalisation of the role of civil organisations is important to channel discontent.

In this feature authors review recently published books on subjects of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.

Wij betogen dat er een aantal goede redenen is om rekening te houden met onzekerheid in het beleidsonderzoek. Centraal staat daarbij het uitgangspunt dat de toekomst open is, maar niet leeg. In beleidsonderzoek is het zaak om die open, maar niet lege toekomst voor beslissers in beeld te brengen. Door met verschillende mogelijke toekomstbeelden te werken kan het beleid robuuster worden vormgegeven. Is dit beleid nog steeds een goede keuze als zaken in de toekomst toch anders lopen dan we nu denken? Door onzekerheden zichtbaar te maken wordt de bestuurder bewust gemaakt van de keuzes die hij maakt, worden nieuwe alternatieven zichtbaar en daarmee zijn geest 'opgerekt'. Ook uit maatschappelijk oogpunt is het nadrukkelijker rekening houden met onzekerheid over de toekomst wenselijk: mogelijke overinvesteringen kunnen worden voorkomen. We presenteren niet alleen het 'klassieke' scenariodenken, maar ook relatief nieuwe ontwikkelingen als radicale onzekerheid ('black swans'), normatieve scenario's en adaptief beleid ('adaptive policymaking').

In this feature authors review recently published books on subjects of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij.

Social welfare has often been presented in the hospital research area in terms of travel costs and or distances. Most hospital cost studies only focus on the private costs generated by hospitals caring for patients. However, patient inputs in terms of patient travel cost and time cost are often neglected. In this article we combine both these factors, and optimize the social cost being the sum of the operating cost of hospitals and the costs of accessibility. This article presents a pure economic model for optimizing the social costs, the optimum gives us insight in the lowest hierarchical administrative level on which the provision of hospital care can be planned.

The model is applied to the Flemish hospital sector for three types of products: revalidation, basic hospital care and radiotherapy. In this study, we point out that as the population (and patient base) increases, existing hospitals would have to expand moving further along the average cost curve into the region where decreasing returns to scale would prevail and by definition, higher cost. Building another hospital could both relieve the pressure on existing hospitals as well as decrease aggregate patient travel costs, i.e., social costs. By dividing the district into regions, we are able to establish the optimal number (and size) of hospitals. We found that the Flemish region should not be divided too much even though travel costs are minimized since the hospitals would be too large and too costly.

In the Netherlands there is an ongoing discussion on the preferred or even necessary scale of government. Basic assumption in this decades-long discussion is that the mere seize of government affects the functioning and quality of government. This article questions that specific assumption, by applying two criteria; government performance and democratic legitimacy. It is concluded that the supposed relationship between seize and quality hardly exists, theoretically nor empirically. Recent government proposals for further up-scaling are being critically assessed. Main conclusion is that thinking in terms of scale and seize is no longer feasible in a modern network society.

This article is concerned with the consequences of economic and demographic decline for the welfare state. The issue of decline itself is not investigated. Decline is taken for granted and the consequences of decline are examined. In this article the sociological 'logic' of social policy is investigated and subsequently applied to the issue of decline. The policy-mechanisms that are discussed are: selective versus universal social policy; the extent and character of redistribution; and individual versus collective responsibility. The question that is raised in the final section is what demographic decline in particular might imply for a universal welfare state: more selectivity in social policy? less redistribution between young and old? more individual responsibility? By making use of the policy-mechanisms discussed before, the consequences of these strategies are discussed.

Climate change forces to a fundamental reconsideration of our strategic policy, and especially of the relationship between policy and law. With regard to political urgent topics, a tendency towards policy instrumentalism always lies in wait. In the current policy practice this problem manifests itself in the application of law (in many detailed norm prescriptions) and – curiously – also in its policy counterpart: the search towards informal but even goal specific policy processes.

The authors plead for dealing with spatial climate challenges by creating room for a strategic policy perspective and a sustainable approach of the relation between law and policy. A qualitative approach of policy and law necessitates an innovative juridical transformation: the use of general normative rules which give direction to flexible policy processes in multiple, specific policy situations.